Gender, Justice & Law: From Asylum to Zygotes - Issues and Resources for Judicial, Legal and Continuing Education
Gender bias and gender fairness are concerns not only in rape and custody cases, but across the spectrum of civil, criminal and family law, and in the practice of teaching law itself. Gender, Justice & Law covers 62 areas of substantive and procedural law. It summarizes the issues in each area addressed and provides an annotated list of resources useful for learning about these issues, teaching about them, and integrating them throughout the judicial, legal and continuing legal education curriculum. These resources include articles, books, empirical studies, videos and websites. Gender, Justice & Law is intended for judges, judicial educators, court personnel, lawyers, law professors, law students and others involved in the justice system. To download the Table of Contents, click here.
Forthcoming

Gender Bias in the Courts:
All of the articles in this section are available to download free of charge at http://womenlaw.stanford.edu/model.policies.html. The two most recent reports are also available in hardcopy from NJEP.

• Gender Fairness in the Courts: Action in the New Millennium
  A 15-point implementation plan from the Gender Fairness Strategies Project designed to help achieve gender fairness in the courts. This publication aids the nation's court systems and related organizations as they continue their efforts to eliminate gender bias in the courts. The publication may be viewed free online at, http://womenlaw.stanford.edu/model.policies.html. To download a detailed description, click here.
  Price $25
  To order this item, click here.

• The Gender Fairness Strategies Project: Implementation Resources Directory
  Developed under a grant from the State Justice Institute, the Directory provides an annotated list of actions taken and materials available to address gender bias in state courts that can be replicated or adapted in other jurisdictions. The directory can be viewed free online, http://womenlaw.stanford.edu/genderfariness-ird.pdf. To download a detailed description, click here.
  Price $20
  To order this item, click here.

• Learning From The New Jersey Supreme Court Task Force On Women In The Courts: Evaluation, Recommendations And Implications For Other States by Norma Juliet Wikler and Lynn Hecht Schafran, 12 Women's Rights Law Reporter 313 (1991). The publication may be viewed free online at, http://womenlaw.stanford.edu/learningfrom-njsc.pdf.

• Operating a Task Force on Gender Bias in the Courts a Manual for Action by Lynn Hecht Schafran, Esq. and Norma J. Wikler, Ph.D. (1986). The publication may be viewed free online at, http://womenlaw.stanford.edu/gender-bias.pdf.

• Planning for Evaluation: Guidelines for Task Forces on Gender Bias in the Courts by Lynn Hecht Schafran (1989). The publication may be viewed free online at, http://womenlaw.stanford.edu/schafran.pdf.

Other Publications:
All publications are by Lynn Hecht Schafran, Director of NJEP, unless otherwise noted. Many recent articles can be found online. If you have difficulty accessing any of the articles please contact us at njep@nowldef.org.

• "Evaluating the Evaluators: Problems with 'Outside Neutrals,'" The Judges' Journal (Winter 2003, Vol. 42, No.1).
• "Overwhelming Evidence: Gender Bias in the Courts," in The Criminal Justice System and Women, 3rd Edition, Barbara Raffel Price and Natalie J. Sokoloff, eds. (2003).
• "Meeting the Challenge of Rape Trials," Judicature, May-June 2001 at 328.
• "Is Rape in Our Genes?" Book Review of "A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion," Jurist, Nov. 2000. http://jurist.law.pitt.edu
• "Judges Cite Gender Bias Task Forces," and "A Call to Action," Judges' Journal, Spring 2000 at 13.
• "Women of Color in the Courts," Trial, August l999 at 20.
• "Gender Fairness Issues Touch Every Aspect of the Courts," 4 Center Court 3 (Spring l999).
• "Limits of Law Reform: What Really Happens in the Courtroom," in Women in Law, Simon Shetreet, ed. (Klumer Law International, 1998).
• "Will Inquiry Produce Action? Studying the Effects of Gender in the Federal Courts," University of Richmond Law Review, 32 University of Richmond Law Review 615 (1998).
• "Adjudicating Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse When Custody Is In Dispute," Judicature, July-August 1997 at 2.
• "Violence Against Women: Why Empirical Data Must Inform Practice," in Violence Against Women: Law and Practice, David Frazee, Ann Noel, Andrea Brenneke and Mary C. Dunlap, eds. (Clark Boardman Callaghan, l997).
• "Confronting Gender Bias in the Courts," J.D., April 28, 1997.
• "Women Shaping Legal Process: Judicial Gender Bias as Grounds for Reversal," 84 University of Kentucky Law Review 1153 (1996).
• "They Just Don't Get It About Rape," New York Times, November 16, l996.
• "Therapy Goes to War: Supporting a Sexual Harassment Victim During Litigation," in Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Psychiatric Issues, Diane K. Shrier, ed. (American Psychiatric Press, Inc., 1996).
• "Topics for Our Times: Rape is a Major Public Health Issue," American Journal of Public Health, January l996.
• "Blinded by Rape Myths," National Law Journal, September 11, l995.
• "Rape is Still Underreported," New York Times, August 26, l995.
• "Is the Law Male? Let Me Count the Ways," Trial, August 1995.
• "There's No Accounting for Judges," 58 Albany Law Review 101 (1995).
• "Credibility in the Courts: Why is There a Gender Gap?" "Contextual Credibility and Rape: An Update," "Criminal Law: What is Forcible Compulsion?" The Judges Journal, Winter 1995.
• "Overwhelming Evidence: Gender Bias in the Courts," in The Criminal Justice System and Women, Barbara Raffel Price and Natalie J. Sokoloff, eds. (l995).
• "Gender Bias, Ignorance and Distortion in Psychological Expert Testimony in Sexual Harassment Cases," Contemporary Issues in Labor and Employment Law: Proceedings of New York University 47th Annual National Conference on Labor 159 (l995).
• "Avoiding Race and Gender Bias in the Courtroom," co-authored with Ronald Ellis in The Judge's Book, (National Conference of State Trial Judges of the American Bar Association and the National Judicial College, update of chapter in 1989 edition, 1994).
• "Integration of Women and Minority Judges into the American Judiciary," co-authored with Norma Wikler in The Judge's Book (National Conference of State Trial Judges of the American Bar Association, and National Judicial College, update of 1989 edition, 1994).
• "Gender Bias in Family Courts," Family Advocate, Summer 1994.
• "An Ounce of Prevention: Avoiding Sexual Harassment," Trial, January 1994.
• "Is the Law Male? Let Me Count the Ways," 69 Chicago-Kent Law Review 397 (1993). Reprinted in Trial, August 1995.
• "Gender Equality in the Courts: Still on the Judicial Agenda," Judicature, September-October 1993 at 110.
• "Writing and Reading About Rape: A Primer," 66 St. John's Law Review 979 (1993).
• "Maiming the Soul: Judges, Sentencing and the Myth of the Nonviolent Rapist," 20 Fordham Urban Law Journal 439 (1993).
• "The Three Cs of Credibility," Provincial Judges Newsletter (1993). Speech to the Ontario Court of Justice (Provincial Division) Gender Equity Workshops.
• "Women in the Law: Are We Having Fun Yet?" NAPLA Notes (National Association of Pre-Law Advisors), September 1993.
• "Voir Dire in Rape Trials: The Essential Element," Trial, August 1992.
• "The Glass Ceiling: Women in Law," in Full Disclosure: Do You Want To Be A Lawyer?, Susan Bell, ed., an American Bar Association Young Lawyers Division Pre-Law Counseling Committee Book (Peterson's Guides: 1992 second edition, originally published as "Eve, Esq.: Women in Law" in the 1989 first edition).
• "Sexual Harassment and Sex Discrimination," in N.Y. Village Voice article on the Democratic Party platform, July 14, 1992 at 35.
• "Women in the Courts" in Women and the Law, Carol H. Lefcourt, ed. (Clark Boardman Ltd., 2nd ed. 1988, 3rd ed. 1989, 4th ed. 1990, 5th ed, 1991, 6th edition 1992).
• "Shield Laws Don't Erase Juror Bias," Daily News, Dec. 1, 1991.
• "The Harsh Lessons of Professor Hill," New York Times, October 13, 1991.
• "More Than A Symbol," 77 ABA Journal 38 (September 1991).
• "Update: Gender Bias in the Courts," 27 Trial 112 (July 1991).
• "Law Firm Policies on Sexual Harassment: Development and Implementation," Videotape for the American Law Institute-American Bar Association Committee on Continuing Professional Education (1990).
• "The Obligation to Intervene: New Direction from the American Bar Association Code of Judicial Conduct," 4 Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 53 (1990). Symposium issue on gender and legal ethics.
• "Gender and Justice: Florida and the Nation," 42 Florida Law Review 181 (1990). Symposium issue on women and the law.
• Lawyers and Balanced Lives: A Guide to Drafting and Implementing Workplace Policies for Lawyers co-authored with Cory Amron, Barbara Mendel Mayden and Elaine Weiss. (American Bar Association Commission on Women in the Profession, 1990).
• "The Court Administrator's Role in Ending Gender Bias in the Courts," 5 Court Manager 13 (1990).
• "Carol Stuart and the War on Women: What is the Legal Community's Response?" Address to the Massachusetts Bar Foundation. Delivered January 20, 1990. 75 Massachusetts Law Review 46 (1990).
• "Data Collection: An Overview, Institutionalizing Change, and Issues and Models for Judicial Education About Gender Bias in the Courts," in Proceedings of the National Conference on Gender Bias in the Courts. (National Center for State Courts, 1990).
• "When Bias is the Norm," National Law Journal, March 28, 1990, p.13, col.1.
• "Overwhelming Evidence: Reports on Gender Bias in the Courts," 26 Trial 28 (February 1990).
• Promoting Gender Fairness Through Judicial Education: A Guide to the Issues and Resources. (Washington, D.C.: Women Judges' Fund for Justice, 1989).
• "Lawyers' Lives, Clients' Lives: Can Women Liberate the Profession?" Donald A. Gianelli Memorial Lecture. Delivered April 13, 1989. 34 Villanova Law Review 1105 (1989).
• "Gender Bias in the Courts: An Emerging Focus for Judicial Reform." 21 Arizona State University Law Journal 237 (1989).
• "Avoiding Race and Gender Bias in the Courtroom," co-authored with Ronald L. Ellis in The Judge's Book. (National Conference of State Trial Judges, American Bar Association, 1989).
• "Issues and Models for Judicial Education About Gender Bias in the Courts," 26 Court Review 32 (1989).
• "Institutionalizing Change," 26 Court Review 28 (1989).
• "Sexual Harassment is Routine, Not Exceptional," Newsday, June 18, 1989, Ideas/7.
• "Gender Bias in the Courts: Time is Not the Cure." 1988 Annual Civil Rights Lecture, Creighton University School of Law. Delivered October 25, 1988. 22 Creighton Law Journal 413 (1988-1989).
• "Gender Bias in the Courts: Single Mothers in Court" in Women as Single Parents: Confronting Institutional Barriers in the Courts, the Workplace and the Housing Market. Elizabeth Mulroy, ed. (Boston: Auburn House Publishing Company, 1988).
• "Women in the Courts Today: How Much Has Changed?" Speech to the Eighth Circuit Judicial Conference. Delivered August 17, 1987. Published in 6 Law & Inequality Journal 27 (1988).
• "Eliminating Gender Bias From the Courts: Time is Not the Cure," Arizona Bar Journal, May 1988.
• "Educating The Judiciary: The Success of the American Program," in Equality and Judicial Neutrality Judicial Neutrality. Mahoney and Martin, eds. (Calgary: Carswell Publishing, Ltd.; 1987).
• "Business Clubs Are Not Private," co-authored with Jack Greenberg. The Washington Post, October 28, 1987, p. A19.
• "Trying to Conquer Sexism Through Casebooks." Harvard Law Record, October 9, 1987, p. 11. Reprinted in The Justinian (Brooklyn Law School), April 1, 1988, p. 7.
• "Practicing Law in a Sexist Society" in Women, the Courts and Equality, Crites and Hepperle, eds., Sage Publications, New York. 1987.
• "Clubs and Women Need Each Other." USA Today, May 12, 1987, p. 10A.
• "Gender Bias in the Courts: An Idea Becomes a National Issue," in Women and Political Power in the United States. Proceedings of a conference sponsored by the John F. Kennedy Library and the Program for Women in Politics and Government of Boston College. Delivered May 1, 1987.
• "Documenting Gender Bias in the Courts: The Task Force Approach." 70 Judicature 280. (February-March 1987). Reprinted in The Los Angeles Daily Journal, March 10, 1987, p. 25. Excerpted in 83 Outlook 10 (January-February 1989) and 27 CaliGrams (May/June 1989).
• Report of the New York Task Force on Women in the Courts, co-authored with Edward L. Roth. New York State Office of Court Administration. 1986. Reprinted in 15 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1 (1986-87).
• "Educating the Judiciary About Gender Bias: The National Judicial Education Program to Promote Equality for Women and Men in the Courts and the New Jersey Supreme Court Task Force on Women in the Courts." 9 Women's Rights Law Reporter 109 (1986).
• "Eve, Mary, Superwoman: How Stereotypes About Women Influence Judges." 24 Judges' Journal 12 (Winter 1985). Excerpted in 83 Outlook 10 (January-February 1989) and 27 CaliGrams 6 (March/April 1989).
• "Women and the Law: Changing Roles, Changing Attitudes," Videotape for the New Jersey Supreme Court Task Force on Women in the Courts (1984).
• "Let Women Reach Their Full Potential." USA Today, Nov. 1, 1983, p.10 A.
• "Abilities vs. Assumptions: Women as Litigators." 19 Trial 36 (August 1983).
• "Inside Private Clubs, the Public's Business." USA Today, Jan. 28, 1983, p. 10 A, col. 5.
• "Real Affirmative Action is More than Just Numbers." American Banker, October 18, 1982 p. 20, col. 1.
• "Women: Reversing a Decade of Progress" in What Reagan Is Doing to Us. Colin, Greer and Riessman, eds. (1982).
• "La Difference Doesn't Come Naturally." Daily News, October 17, 1982, p. YOU 2, col. 1.
• "Women and the Reagan Administration: Promises and Realities." 111 USA Today 9 (1982).
• "Private Clubs Women Need Not Apply." 23 Foundation News 3 (1982).
• "Reagan v. Women." New York Times, October 13, 1981, p. A23.
• "Sandra O'Connor and the Supremes: Will the First Woman Make a Difference?" 10 Ms. 71 (1981).
• "Lawyer-Parent: Endangered Species?" National Law Journal, April 14, 1980, p. 15, col. 1.

Articles by Norma Juliet Wikler, NJEP Founding Director:

• Wikler, N., "Water on Stone: A Perspective on the Movement to Eliminate Gender Bias in the Courts," 26 Court Review (Fall 1989).
• Wikler, N., "Institutionalizing Change," 26 Court Review (Fall 1989).
• Wikler, N., "Issues and Models for Judicial Education About Gender Bias in the Courts," 26 Court Review (Fall 1989).
• Wikler, N., "Educating Judges About Gender Bias" in Women, the Courts and Equality, Crites and Hepperle, eds., Sage Publications, New York. 1987.
• Wikler, N., "The Economics of Divorce," 25 Judges' Journal 8 (1986).
• Wilker, N. "On the Judicial Agenda for the 80's: Equal Treatment for Men and Women in the Courts," 64 Judicature 202 (1980).